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| The Chronology of Sangam Literature: A Contested Topic |
Introduction
The precise chronology of Sangam literature remains a subject of scholarly debate. However, there are several key points that can help narrow down the possible timeframe.
The Chronology of Sangam Literature: A Contested Topic
Contemporary Rulers
Gajabhagu II and Cheran Senguttuvan: A crucial piece of evidence comes from the Tamil epic Silappathikaram and the Sri Lankan chronicles Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa. These texts suggest that Gajabhagu II, a king of Sri Lanka, and Cheran Senguttuvan, a ruler of the Chera dynasty, were contemporaries. This historical connection provides a valuable anchor point for dating Sangam literature.
Roman Coins
Abundant Finds: The discovery of Roman coins, dating back to the 1st century AD, in various parts of Tamil Nadu is another significant piece of evidence. These coins suggest that there were active trade relations between South India and the Roman Empire during the Sangam period.
Estimated Timeframe
Third Century BCE to Third Century AD: Based on the literary, archaeological, and numismatic evidence, the most probable timeframe for Sangam literature is generally estimated to be between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century AD.
Challenges and Uncertainties
Lack of Internal Evidence: While external sources provide valuable clues, the Sangam texts themselves lack definitive internal evidence that can pinpoint exact dates.
Multiple Strata: It is possible that Sangam literature represents a multi-layered corpus of works, spanning several centuries.
Cultural and Historical Context: The dating of Sangam literature also depends on a nuanced understanding of the cultural and historical context of South India during this period.
Conclusion
While the exact chronology of Sangam literature remains a subject of scholarly debate, the available evidence suggests that it likely flourished between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century AD. Further research and analysis of both literary and non-literary sources are necessary to refine our understanding of this important period in South Indian history.
