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| India's Influence on Sumatra and Java |
Introduction
The Malay Archipelago, including the islands of Sumatra and Java, served as an important link between India and the Far East. Indian cultural and religious influences were significant in shaping the history and development of these regions.
Sri Vijaya and Sailendra Empire
The Sri Vijaya kingdom, located on the island of Sumatra, was a prominent center of trade and culture in the seventh century. It later evolved into the powerful Sailendra empire, extending its influence over neighboring islands including Java, Bali, Borneo, and Cambodia. The Sailendra rulers were Mahayana Buddhists and maintained close ties with Indian kingdoms like the Palas of Bengal and the Cholas of Tamil Nadu.
Rajaraja Chola and Sailendra Conquest
Rajaraja Chola, a powerful Tamil ruler, conquered the Sailendra kingdom for a period. However, the Sailendras later regained their independence and continued to thrive until the eleventh century.
Hindu Kingdom of Mataram
In Central Java, the kingdom of Mataram emerged as a strong center of Hindu religion and culture. It was initially conquered by the Sailendras of Sumatra but later regained its independence.
Borobudur: A Masterpiece of Indo-Javanese Art
The Borobudur temple, located in Central Java, is considered one of the greatest monuments of Indo-Javanese art. Built under the patronage of the Sailendras between 750 and 850 AD, it is a magnificent Buddhist stupa with nine terraces adorned with intricate bas-reliefs depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha.
Majapahit: A Golden Age of Javanese Culture
In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Majapahit kingdom emerged as the leading power in Java. This period marked a golden age of Javanese culture, with significant advancements in art, literature, and religion. Indian art and literature flourished in Java, and numerous temples and Sanskrit manuscripts remain as evidence of this cultural exchange.
Enduring Influence
The enduring influence of Indian culture on Sumatra and Java is evident in the region's art, architecture, religion, and traditions. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata, ancient Indian epics, continue to be popular themes in Javanese shadow plays. Although the fall of Majapahit marked the end of the artistic golden age, the legacy of Indian culture in these islands remains strong.
Conclusion
India's influence on Sumatra and Java was profound and multifaceted, particularly evident in the realms of culture, religion, and trade. The Sri Vijaya and Sailendra empires, as well as the Hindu kingdom of Mataram, played significant roles in promoting Indian cultural exchange in the region. The Borobudur temple and the Majapahit kingdom are notable examples of the enduring legacy of Indian culture on these islands.
