The Sangam Economy: A Thriving Trade Network

Introduction 

The Sangam Age witnessed a flourishing economy, characterized by agricultural prosperity, vibrant trade, and skilled craftsmanship. Agriculture was the primary occupation, with rice being the most common crop. However, other crops such as ragi, sugarcane, cotton, pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, and various fruits were also cultivated.

The Sangam Economy: A Thriving Trade Network

Agriculture and Regional Specialization

Crop Cultivation: While rice was a staple crop across the region, there were regional variations in agricultural practices. For example, jackfruit and pepper were particularly famous in the Chera country, while paddy was a major crop in the Chola and Pandya regions.

Agricultural Techniques: The Sangam people employed sophisticated agricultural techniques, including irrigation systems and land management practices, to maximize their productivity.

Handicrafts and Manufacturing

Diverse Skills: The Sangam period was characterized by a wide range of handicraft skills, including weaving, metalworking, carpentry, shipbuilding, and the creation of ornaments using beads, stones, and ivory.

High-Quality Products: The products produced by these artisans were renowned for their quality and craftsmanship. Cotton and silk fabrics, in particular, were highly sought after, with some fabrics described as being as thin as a cloud of steam or a slough of a snake.

Trade and Commerce

Internal Trade: Both internal and external trade were well-organized and brisk during the Sangam Age. Merchants transported goods across the region using carts and animals. Internal trade was often based on the barter system.

External Trade: The Sangam period saw significant trade activity with other regions, including the Greek kingdoms and later the Roman Empire. The port city of Puhar became a major hub for foreign trade, attracting merchants from far and wide. Other important port cities included Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu, and Marakkanam.

Products and Trade Routes: The main exports from South India during this period included cotton fabrics, spices, ivory products, pearls, and precious stones. In return, South India imported gold, horses, and sweet wine. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a Greek maritime guide, provides valuable information about the trade routes and products of the region.

Conclusion 

The Sangam economy was a thriving and dynamic system characterized by agricultural prosperity, skilled craftsmanship, and extensive trade. The region's natural resources, coupled with the entrepreneurial spirit of its people, contributed to its economic success. The Sangam Age left a lasting legacy of economic development and cultural exchange.