The Sangam Polity: A Hierarchical System

Introduction 

The Sangam Age was characterized by a hereditary monarchy, with the king at the helm of the political system. However, the king's power was not absolute, and he often sought counsel from various advisors and officials.

The Sangam Polity: A Hierarchical System

Key Features of the Sangam Polity

Hereditary Monarchy: The kingship was passed down through families, with sons often succeeding their fathers.

Royal Titles: Each dynasty had its own set of royal titles. The Cheras were known for titles like Vanavaramban, Vanavan, Kuttuvan, Irumporai, and Villavar. The Cholas used titles like Senni, Valavan, and Killi, while the Pandyas were associated with titles like Thennavar and Minavar.

Royal Emblems: Each dynasty also had a distinctive royal emblem. The Pandyas were represented by the carp, the Cholas by the tiger, and the Cheras by the bow.

The Imperial Court (Avai): The king's court, or avai, was a gathering place for chiefs, officials, and scholars. It served as a forum for discussing important matters of state.

Administrative Structure: The king was assisted by a large body of officials who were divided into five councils: ministers (amaichar), priests (anthanar), military commanders (senapathi), envoys (thuthar), and spies (orrar).

Military Administration: The military was well-organized, with each ruler maintaining a regular army. The concept of a tutelary tree (Kodimaram) was associated with military units.

Revenue Generation: The primary source of state income was land revenue. Custom duties were also imposed on foreign trade, as evidenced by the Pattinappalai's reference to custom officials in Puhar. War booty was another significant source of revenue for the royal treasury.

Infrastructure: Roads and highways were maintained and guarded to ensure safety and prevent crime.

Conclusion 

The Sangam polity was a hierarchical system, with the king at the apex. However, the king's power was balanced by the influence of advisors, officials, and the military. The efficient administration of the state, coupled with a well-developed infrastructure, contributed to the stability and prosperity of the Sangam kingdoms.