Sangam Society: A Diverse and Complex Tapestry

Introduction 

The Sangam society was characterized by a diverse range of social groups, each with its own distinct cultural identity and way of life. The Tolkappiyam, a foundational text of Tamil grammar, provides valuable insights into the social structure and cultural practices of this period.

Sangam Society: A Diverse and Complex Tapestry

Geographical Divisions and Associated Cultures

Kurinji: This mountainous region was associated with the deity Murugan and the occupations of hunting and honey collection.

Mullai: This pastoral region was linked to the deity Mayon (Vishnu) and the occupations of cattle-rearing and dairy farming.

Marudam: This agricultural region was associated with the deity Indra and the occupation of agriculture.

Neydal: This coastal region was connected to the deity Varunan and the occupations of fishing and salt manufacturing.

Palai: This arid region was associated with the deity Korravai and the occupation of robbery.

The Four Castes

Arasar: The ruling class, responsible for political leadership and governance.

Anthanar: The priestly class, involved in religious rituals and spiritual guidance.

Vanigar: The merchant class, engaged in trade and commerce.

Vellalar: The agricultural class, involved in farming and related activities.

Tribal Groups

Parathavar, Panar, Eyinar, Kadambar, Maravar, and Pulaiyar: These tribal groups played significant roles in various aspects of Sangam society, including agriculture, trade, and warfare.

Ancient Primitive Tribes: The Thodas, Irulas, Nagas, and Vedars were ancient tribal groups that inhabited the region during this period.

Conclusion 

The Sangam society was a complex and multifaceted tapestry, characterized by a diverse range of social groups, cultural practices, and geographical divisions. The Tolkappiyam provides valuable insights into this rich and multifaceted world. Understanding the social structure and cultural dynamics of the Sangam period is essential for comprehending the history and development of South India.